Living World |
Introduction, What is living? |
Diversity in the Living World and Nomenclature, Rules of binomial nomenclature, Advantages of scientific names, Codes of nomenclature |
Classification: Classical and Modern taxonomy |
Taxonomic Categories: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom |
Taxonomical Aids: herbarium, botanical gardens:museums, zoological parks, key |
Objective Questions |
Biological Classification |
Biological classification, Three kingdom classification |
Five kingdom classification, Advantages and Drawbacks |
Kingdom Monera: archaebacteria, eubacteria, photoautotrophic, chemosynthetic, saprophytic, symbiotic, parasitic bacteria |
Reproduction in bacteria, Endospores, Sexual reproduction, Cell structure, Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma |
Kingdom Protista: protists structure, locomotion, nutrition and reproduction in protists |
Photosynthetic, structure, reserve foods, reproduction, economic importance of diatoms |
Dinoflagellates |
Euglenoids, slime mould |
Protozoan Protista |
Kingdom -Fungi |
Phycomycetes, zygomycetes |
Ascomycetes |
Basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes |
Kingdom Plantae and Animalia |
Viruses and Viroids |
Lichens and Mycorrhizae |
Objective Questions |
Plant Kingdom |
Introduction and Types of classification |
Algae |
Chlorophyceae |
Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae |
Bryophytes |
Liverworts and Mosses |
Pteridophytes, Selaginella |
Two types of Spores, Life cycle of Fern |
Spermaphytes |
Gymnosperms |
Life cycle of Cycas and Pinus |
Angiosperms |
Alteration of generation |
Objective Questions |
Animal Kingdom |
Basis of clasification, Levels of organisation, Circulatory system, Body symmetry |
Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organization, Nature of Coelom, Body plans |
Segmentation, Notochord, Classification of Animals |
Phylum- Porifera |
Phylum- Coelenterata |
Phylum- Ctenophora |
Phylum- Platyhelminthes |
Phylum- Aschelminthes |
Classification of Phylum- Aschelminthes |
Phylum- Annelida |
Phylum- Arthropoda, characters, features, advancement over Annelids |
Classification of Phylum- Arthropoda |
Differences between: Centipedes and Millipedes, Culex and Anopheles, Butterfly and Moth, Insects and Spider, Different types of Mosquito |
Phylum- Mollusca |
Phylum- Echinodermata |
Phylum- Hemichordata |
Phylum- Chordata(protochordata) |
Subphylum- Vertebrata |
Pisces Classification, Differences between Shark and Ray |
Class Osteichthyes, General Characters and Examples |
Lung- Fishes |
Class- Amphibia |
Class- Reptilia |
Lizards and Snakes |
Crocodile: Alligator and Gavialis |
Class- Aves |
Class- Mammalia |
Class- Mammalia(theria) |
Classification of Eutheria |
Objective Questions |
Morphology of Flowering Plants |
Introduction, Angiosperm diversity, Parts of flowering plant, Parts of typical root |
Modifications of Tap Root, Modification of Adventitious Roots |
Morphology of stem, buds, branching of stem, undrground modification of stem |
Modification of stem, wek stems, underground stem |
Leaf, Parts of leaf, Venation, Types of leaves |
Phyllotaxy, Modifications of leaves, Functions of leaves |
Inflorescence, Flowers |
Parts of flowers, calyx, corolla, epicalyx, aestivation, perianth |
Androecium, Gynoecium, Placentation |
Fruits |
Seed, Structure of dicotyledonous seed, Structure of monocotyledonous seed, |
Semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant, Floral diagram |
Description of some important families: fabaceae, solanaceae, lilliaceae |
Objective Questions |
Anatomy of Flowering Plants |
Anatomy of flowering plants, Tissues |
Meristematic tissues |
Permanent tissues |
Simple permanent tissues |
Complex permanent tissue- Xylem |
Complex permanent tissue- Phloem |
The tissue system, Epidermal tissue system |
Ground and Vascular tissue system |
Anatomy of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, Dicotyledonous root |
Monocotyledonous root |
Dicotyledonous stem |
Monocotyledonous stem |
Dicotyledonous leaf |
Monocotyledonous leaf |
Secondary growth: Vascular cambium |
Cork cambium |
Secondary growth in roots |
Objective Questions |
Structural Organisation in Animals |
Morphology of Earthworm |
Anatomy of Earthworm |
Digestive system of Earthworm |
Blood vascular system of Earthworm |
Excretory system of Earthworm |
Nervous system of Earthworm |
Reproductive organs of Earthworm |
Copulation and Cocoon formation |
Morphology of Cockroach |
Morphology-Mouth/Thorax |
Morphology-Abdomen |
Anatomy-Body wall/Endoskeleton-fat body |
Digestive system of Cockroach |
Blood vascular system of Cockroach |
Respiratory system of Cockroach |
Excretory/Endocrine system of Cockroach |
Nervous system of Cockroach |
Reproductive system of Cockroach |
Introduction - RANA TIGRINA(Indian Frog) |
Anatomy- Digestive system of frog |
Respiratory system of frog |
Blood vascular system of frog, Blood, Blood corpuscles, Blood clotting, Heart structure, Working of heart |
Renal portal system of frog, Hepatic portal system, Significance of hepatic portal system, Lymphatic system |
Excretory system of frog |
Nervous system of frog, Brain, Fucntion of brain, Spinal cord, Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves, Autonomic nervous system |
Sense organs, Structure of eye of frog, Working of eye, Structure of ear of frog, Endocrine glands |
Reproductive system of frog, Economic importance |
Structural organisation in animals, Different tissue function in our body, Epithelial tissue, Simple epithelial tissue |
Compound epithelial tissue |
Glandular epithelium, Types of glands, Modified epithelia, Functions of epithelial tissue |
Connective tissue |
Loose connective tissue |
Dense connective tissue |
Specialized connective tissue, Types of cartilages |
Bone, Microscopic structure of decalcified mammalian bone, Types of bone, Types of bone marrow |
Blood, Function of blood, Plasma protein, Function of blood plasma |
Formed elements, Erythrocytes, Hematocrit value, Erythrocytes sedimentation rate, Function of RBC |
Leucocytes, Granulocytes, Difference between Red blood and White blood corpuscles |
Thermbocytes, Human blood corpuscles, Blood coagulation, Clotting factors, Blood clotting prevention |
Lymph, Difference between Lymphatic and Blood capilllaries |
Reticular and pigmented connective tissue, Mucoid tissue, Functions of connective tissue |
Types of muscles, Characters of both unstriped and striped muscles |
Neurons, Components and Types of Neurons, Nerve fibres, Nerves, Neuroglia, Ependymal cells, Neurosecretory cells |
Objective Questions |
Cell The Unit of Life |
Introduction, Discovery of cells, Cell theory and its significance |
Diversity of cell, Open system, Cell types, Structure of bacterial cell |
Prokaryotic cells, Different layers of bacterial cells, Grams positive and Gram negative |
Components of bacterial cells: cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids |
Inclusion bodies: flagella, pilli and fimbriae, Difference between pilli and fimbriae |
Eukaryotic cells, Difference between: eucaryotic and prokaryotic, plant and animal cells |
Fluid mosaic model |
Modifications of cell membrane |
Function of cell membrane |
Bulk transport, Difference between: pinocytosis and phagocytosis, active and passive transport |
Cell wall |
Protoplasm, Cytoplasmic streaming, Cell organelles and Cell inclusions |
Endomembrane system, Difference between SER and RER |
Golgi apparatus |
Lysomes |
Vacuoles |
Mitochondria |
Plastids |
Protoplastids, sphaerosomes, microbodies |
Ribosomes |
Cytoskeletal structures |
Difference between cilia and flagella |
Centrioles and Centrosomes |
Nucleus, Ultrastructures |
Chromatin, difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin, chromatin and chromosomes, nucleolus, cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, functions |
Chromosomes, karyotype, functions of chromosomes |
Giant chromosomes, lampbrush chromosomes |
Cell inclusions, reserve food, excretory, minerals |
Objective Questions |
Biomolecules |
Macromolecules, Micromolecules, How to analyse chemical composition? |
Amino acids, types of amino acids, protein amino acids, non protein amino acids, esential amino acid |
Protein, structure of protein |
Types of proteins, electrical reaction of proteins, function of proteins |
Lipids, fatty acids, type of lipids, neutral/true fats |
Conjugated lipids, derived lipids, steroids, functions of lipids |
Carbohydrate, monosaccharides, derived monosaccharides, oligosaccharides |
Polysaccharides, storage, structure, mucopolysaccharides, functions |
Nucleotides, Higher nucleotides, Structure of DNA |
Metabolic pathway, catabolism, anabolism, ATP, living state |
Primary metabolites and their role, Secondary metabolites and their role, Differences between primary and secondary metabolites |
Enzymes, endoenzyme, exoenzyme, holoenzyme, difference between enzyme and catalysts |
Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, Characterstics of enzymes, Substrate complex |
Factors influencing enzyme activity: temperature, pH product concentration, substrate concentration, michalis menton concentration |
Activation energy, Action of enzyme |
Inhibition of enzyme, non competitive and competitive inhibition, feed back inhibition |
Mechanism of enzymes action, lock and key hypothesis, induced fir theory, difference between lock and key and induced fit theory |
Objective Questions |
Cell Cycle and Cell Division |
Importance of Cell division, Factors controlling cell division, Cell cycle: M, I and G1 phase |
S, G2, G0 phase |
M- phase, Prophase |
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
Cytokinesis, plant and animal cytokinesis, plant and animal mitosis, significance of mitosis |
Meiosis, Meiosis -I, Prophase-I |
Pachytene, Crossing over, Diplotene, Diakinesis |
Metaphase -I, Anaphase, Telophase -I, Significance of meiosis -I |
Meiosis II, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase -II, Cytokinesis |
Significant of meiosis, Type of meiosis, Difference between mitosis and meiosis |
Transport in Plants |
Introduction, Means of transport, Factors affecting diffusion, Importance |
Facilitated diffusion, Types of tranport protein, Channel, Carrier, Active transport, Comparison of different transport mechanism |
Plant water relation, Water potential, Solute potential, Pressure potential |
Osmosis, Potato Osmometer, Thistle funnel experiment, Osmotic pressure, Osmotic concentrations, Importance of osmosis, Difference between diffusion and osmosis |
Plasmolysis, Deplasmolysis, Importance of plasmolysis, Ihibition, Important in absorbing and retaining water |
Long distance transport of water, mass flow, how do plants absorbs water, two distinct pathway of tranport, difference between apoplast and symplast pathway |
Water movement up a plant:root pressure, guttation, root pressure theory, objection to root pressure theory |
Cohesion tension theory, demonstration of transpiration, types of transpiration, stomatal apparatus |
Factors affecting transpiration, external factors, internal or plant factors, significance of transpiration, disadvantages, transpiration and photosynthesis- a compromise |
Passive water absorption, continous water column, cohesion, transpiration pull, evidences |
Uptake and transport of mineral nutrients:uptake of mineral ions, translocation of mineral ions, pholem transport:flow from source to sink, the pressure flow or mass flow hypothesis, pathway of translocation |
Objective Questions |
Mineral Nutrition |
Introduction, method to study the minerals requirements of plants, hydroponics, essential mineral elements |
Criteria for essentiality, macro and micronutrients, function of essential elements, energy related compounds |
Role of macro and micro nutrients, major functions and deficiency symptoms |
Essential elements, major functions, deficiency symptoms |
Deficiency symptoms of essential elements, common deficiency symptoms |
Toxicity of micronutrients, mechanism of absorption of elements, translocation of solutes |
Soil as reservoir of essential elements, mechanism of nitrogen:nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation |
Biological nitrogen fixation, mechanism, ammonification |
Nitrification, denitrification, nitrate assimilation, synthesis of amino acids, protein synthsis, amides |
denitrification |
Objective Questions |
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants |
Introduction, importance of photosynthesis, experiment for starch formation, half leaf experiment , history |
Why does photosynthesis takes place? Composition of chloroplasts |
Pigments involved in photosynthesis, chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls, absorption and action spectrum |
Photosynthetic units, photosystems, electron transport chain |
Mechanism of photosynthesis, photochemical phase, biosynthetic phase, noncyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation |
Chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation |
Biosynthetic phase, history |
Calvin cycle, carboxylation, reduction, regeneration |
C4 - pathway, initial and fianl fixation, transport, importance, difference between C3 and C4 |
Photorespiration, importance |
Cruslaccean acid metabolism, factors affecting photosynthesis, principle orlaw of limiting factors |
Factors influencing photosynthesis |
Objective Questions |
Respiration in Plants |
Introduction, cellular respiration, respiratory substrate, do plants breathe?, reasons for absence of respiratory organs in plants |
Types of respiration, respiratory quotient |
Glycolysis, net product of glycolysis |
Fragmentation, anaerobic respiration, ethyl alcohol and lactic acid fragmentation, difference between glycolysis and lactic acid, aerobic respiration |
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, difference between glycolysis and krebs cycle |
Terminal oxidation, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation |
Respiratory balance sheet, fragmentation and aerobic respiration, significance of krebs cycle, an amphibolic pathway |
Objective Questions |
Plant Growth and Development |
Growth, plant growth generally is indeterminate, growth is measurable |
Phases of growth, formative phase, phases of differentiation and enlargement, growth rates |
Condition for growths, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development |
Plant growth regulators, ethylene, auxins, auxins fuctions, uses of auxins |
Gibberellins, uses and functions |
Cytokinins, uses and functions |
Ethylene and abscisic acid |
Photoperiodism |
Vernalisation |
Objective Questions |
Digestion and Absorption |
Human physiology, nutrition, different types of nutrition, human digestive system, alimentary canal, papillae |
Waldeyer ring, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine |
Large intestine, histology of alimentary canal |
Digestive and salivary glands, gall bludder, ducts, function of liver, function of bile |
Pancreas, gastric glands, stem cell |
Intestinal glands, swallowing, peristalsis |
Mechanism of digestion, digestion of carbohydrates, oral cavity, small intestine, lactose intolerance |
Digestion of proteins |
Digestion of lipids and nucleic acids |
Control of digestion, neural control of digestion, hormonal control of digestion, absorption of nutrients |
Site of absorption, absorption of different nutrients, process of absorption, difference between micelles and chylomicrons |
Assimilation and storage |
Egestion, balanced diet, nutritional deficiencies and disorders, disorder due to over nutrition |
Disorders of digestive system, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, indigestion, jaundice |
Objective Questions |
Breathing and Exchange of Gases |
Introduction, respiration, difference between breathing and respiration, types of respiration, aerobic and anerobic respiration, difference betweeen external and internal respiration, direct and indirect respiration |
Respiratory organs, anatomy of human respiratory system, voice production |
Trachea, lungs |
Mechanism of breathing |
Pulmonary volumes, pulmonary capacities, difference between capacity and total lung capacity |
Exchange of gases, external respiration, partial pressure |
Tranport of gases: transport of oxygen, bohr's effect, internal respiration |
Transport of carbon dioxide, release of carbon dioxide in the alveoli of lung, haldane effect |
Regulation of respiration, neural and chemical regulation |
Respiratory disorders, cause, symptoms, prevention and cure |
Objective Questions |
Body Fluids and Circulation |
Introduction, compartments of body fluids, transcellular fluid, important constituents of extracellular fluids, chemical compostion of extracellular and intracellular fluids, significance of body fluids |
Blood, function of blood, plasma protein, function of blood plasma |
RBC |
WBC, difference between RBC and WBC |
Thrombocytes, blood coagulation, clotting factors, prevention of blood clotting |
Blood groups: ABO |
Rh blood grouping, incompatibility during blood transfusion and pregnancy |
Anatomy of lymphatic system, lymph, lymphatic capillaries and vessel, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct |
Circulatory pathway, advantages of closed circulatory system, difference between open and closed circulatory system, arteries and veins |
Hearts found in different vertebrates, types of circulation, single and double circulation |
Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation, circulation through special regions, coronary and heptic portal circulation |
Hypophysical portal circulation, cerebral circulation, cutaneous circulation, lymph circulation |
Anatomy and structure of human heart |
Internal view of heart, histology |
Origin and conduction of heart beat, difference between SA and AV node, pulse, heart beat and pulse, regulation of heart beat:neural, harmonal |
Cardiac cycle |
Heart sounds, electrocardiogram |
Regulation of circulation, nervous and chemical regulation |
Disorders of circulatory system, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction |
Arteriosclerosis, difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, types of heart block, cerebro, rheumatic and congenital heart disease, fibrillation, ischemia, coronary thrombosis |
Objective Questions |
Excretory Products and their Elimination |
Introduction, types of metabolic wastes, types of excretions, difference between ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism |
Excretory structure, kidney |
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, difference between male and female urethra |
Structure of nephrone, glomerulus, bowman's capsule, renal tubule |
Blood supply, juxtaglomerular apparatus, types of nephrons, difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons |
Urine formation, glomerular filteration |
Tubular reabsorption: in proximal convoluted tubule, in descending and ascending limb of loop of henle, in distal convoluted tubule and in collecting duct |
Tubular secretion, proximal convoluted tube, henle loop, distal convoluted loop |
Mechanism of concentration of nephric filterate, significance of urea |
Regulation of kidney |
Micturition, nerve supply to urinary bladder and sphincters, constituents of urine, abnormal urine |
Accessory excretory organ, difference between sweat and sebum, disorder of excretory system |
Disorders of the Excretory Systems |
Objective Questions |
Locomotion and Movement |
Introduction, movement, locomotion, types of movement |
Types of muscles, characters of both unstriped and striped muscles |
Structure of skeletal muscle, myosin and actin filaments |
Structure of contractile protein, thin and thick filament |
Mechanism of muscle contraction, sliding filament theory, concept of resting membrane potential |
Mechanism of muscle contraction, electrical and biochemical events in muscle contraction |
Muscle relaxation, cori cycle and oxygen debt |
Kind of striated muscle fibre, hypertrophy, atrophy |
Human skeletal system, function of skeleton, skull and its functions |
Vertebral column |
Sternum and Ribs |
Pectoral gridles, Pelvic girdles |
Bones of arms and legs |
Joints and Its types |
Role of muscles and bones in movement, disorder of muscular and skeletal system, fracture and slipped disc |
Objective Questions |
Neural Control and Coordination |
Introduction, neural systems and its functions |
Human neural systems, neurons, difference between myelinated and non mylinated |
Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, membrane, resting membrane potential, repolarization, saltatory conduction of nerve impulse |
Transmissiom of Nerve Impulse |
Central neural system / Cerebrum |
Diencephalon and Limbic System |
Midbrain / Hindbrain |
Ventricles of Brain / CSF |
Spinal Cord / Reflex action |
Sensory organs of vision - eye, fibrous , vascular and nervous coat |
Contents of eye ball, Difference between aqueous and viterous humour, Mechanism of vision, Eye adaption, Eye accommodation |
Structure of human ear, External and middle ear |
Internal Ear |
Internal ear-cochlea, Mechanism of hearing, Defects of sense organs |
Peripheral neural system, Cranial and Spinal nerves |
Autonomic Nerves System |
Objective Questions |
Chemical Control and Integration |
Introduction, difference between neural and chemical coordination, two types of glands, discovery of hormone, important features of hormone, human endocrine system |
Hypothalamus, why hypothalamus is called control centre? |
Pituitary gland, disorders |
Pineal gland, thyroid disorders, hyperthyroidism |
Parathyroid, disorders, thymus |
Adrenal, adrenal cortex |
Adrenal medulla, difference between adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
Hormones of pancreas and their role, function of insulin, diabetes, type l and type ll diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, diabetes and diabetes insipidus |
Gonads, testes, ovary |
Heart, kidneys, liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract |
Eicosanoids, leukotrienes, role of hormones as messenger and regulators, positive and negative feedback control, synergistic and antagonistic effect |
Mechanism of harmone action, mode of hormone action through intracellular and extracellular receptors |
Objective Questions |