| Living World |
| Introduction, What is living? |
| Diversity in the Living World and Nomenclature, Rules of binomial nomenclature, Advantages of scientific names, Codes of nomenclature |
| Classification: Classical and Modern taxonomy |
| Taxonomic Categories: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom |
| Taxonomical Aids: herbarium, botanical gardens:museums, zoological parks, key |
| Objective Questions |
| Biological Classification |
| Biological classification, Three kingdom classification |
| Five kingdom classification, Advantages and Drawbacks |
| Kingdom Monera: archaebacteria, eubacteria, photoautotrophic, chemosynthetic, saprophytic, symbiotic, parasitic bacteria |
| Reproduction in bacteria, Endospores, Sexual reproduction, Cell structure, Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma |
| Kingdom Protista: protists structure, locomotion, nutrition and reproduction in protists |
| Photosynthetic, structure, reserve foods, reproduction, economic importance of diatoms |
| Dinoflagellates |
| Euglenoids, slime mould |
| Protozoan Protista |
| Kingdom -Fungi |
| Phycomycetes, zygomycetes |
| Ascomycetes |
| Basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes |
| Kingdom Plantae and Animalia |
| Viruses and Viroids |
| Lichens and Mycorrhizae |
| Objective Questions |
| Plant Kingdom |
| Introduction and Types of classification |
| Algae |
| Chlorophyceae |
| Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae |
| Bryophytes |
| Liverworts and Mosses |
| Pteridophytes, Selaginella |
| Two types of Spores, Life cycle of Fern |
| Spermaphytes |
| Gymnosperms |
| Life cycle of Cycas and Pinus |
| Angiosperms |
| Alteration of generation |
| Objective Questions |
| Animal Kingdom |
| Basis of clasification, Levels of organisation, Circulatory system, Body symmetry |
| Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organization, Nature of Coelom, Body plans |
| Segmentation, Notochord, Classification of Animals |
| Phylum- Porifera |
| Phylum- Coelenterata |
| Phylum- Ctenophora |
| Phylum- Platyhelminthes |
| Phylum- Aschelminthes |
| Classification of Phylum- Aschelminthes |
| Phylum- Annelida |
| Phylum- Arthropoda, characters, features, advancement over Annelids |
| Classification of Phylum- Arthropoda |
| Differences between: Centipedes and Millipedes, Culex and Anopheles, Butterfly and Moth, Insects and Spider, Different types of Mosquito |
| Phylum- Mollusca |
| Phylum- Echinodermata |
| Phylum- Hemichordata |
| Phylum- Chordata(protochordata) |
| Subphylum- Vertebrata |
| Pisces Classification, Differences between Shark and Ray |
| Class Osteichthyes, General Characters and Examples |
| Lung- Fishes |
| Class- Amphibia |
| Class- Reptilia |
| Lizards and Snakes |
| Crocodile: Alligator and Gavialis |
| Class- Aves |
| Class- Mammalia |
| Class- Mammalia(theria) |
| Classification of Eutheria |
| Objective Questions |
| Morphology of Flowering Plants |
| Introduction, Angiosperm diversity, Parts of flowering plant, Parts of typical root |
| Modifications of Tap Root, Modification of Adventitious Roots |
| Morphology of stem, buds, branching of stem, undrground modification of stem |
| Modification of stem, wek stems, underground stem |
| Leaf, Parts of leaf, Venation, Types of leaves |
| Phyllotaxy, Modifications of leaves, Functions of leaves |
| Inflorescence, Flowers |
| Parts of flowers, calyx, corolla, epicalyx, aestivation, perianth |
| Androecium, Gynoecium, Placentation |
| Fruits |
| Seed, Structure of dicotyledonous seed, Structure of monocotyledonous seed, |
| Semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant, Floral diagram |
| Description of some important families: fabaceae, solanaceae, lilliaceae |
| Objective Questions |
| Anatomy of Flowering Plants |
| Anatomy of flowering plants, Tissues |
| Meristematic tissues |
| Permanent tissues |
| Simple permanent tissues |
| Complex permanent tissue- Xylem |
| Complex permanent tissue- Phloem |
| The tissue system, Epidermal tissue system |
| Ground and Vascular tissue system |
| Anatomy of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, Dicotyledonous root |
| Monocotyledonous root |
| Dicotyledonous stem |
| Monocotyledonous stem |
| Dicotyledonous leaf |
| Monocotyledonous leaf |
| Secondary growth: Vascular cambium |
| Cork cambium |
| Secondary growth in roots |
| Objective Questions |
| Structural Organisation in Animals |
| Morphology of Earthworm |
| Anatomy of Earthworm |
| Digestive system of Earthworm |
| Blood vascular system of Earthworm |
| Excretory system of Earthworm |
| Nervous system of Earthworm |
| Reproductive organs of Earthworm |
| Copulation and Cocoon formation |
| Morphology of Cockroach |
| Morphology-Mouth/Thorax |
| Morphology-Abdomen |
| Anatomy-Body wall/Endoskeleton-fat body |
| Digestive system of Cockroach |
| Blood vascular system of Cockroach |
| Respiratory system of Cockroach |
| Excretory/Endocrine system of Cockroach |
| Nervous system of Cockroach |
| Reproductive system of Cockroach |
| Introduction - RANA TIGRINA(Indian Frog) |
| Anatomy- Digestive system of frog |
| Respiratory system of frog |
| Blood vascular system of frog, Blood, Blood corpuscles, Blood clotting, Heart structure, Working of heart |
| Renal portal system of frog, Hepatic portal system, Significance of hepatic portal system, Lymphatic system |
| Excretory system of frog |
| Nervous system of frog, Brain, Fucntion of brain, Spinal cord, Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves, Autonomic nervous system |
| Sense organs, Structure of eye of frog, Working of eye, Structure of ear of frog, Endocrine glands |
| Reproductive system of frog, Economic importance |
| Structural organisation in animals, Different tissue function in our body, Epithelial tissue, Simple epithelial tissue |
| Compound epithelial tissue |
| Glandular epithelium, Types of glands, Modified epithelia, Functions of epithelial tissue |
| Connective tissue |
| Loose connective tissue |
| Dense connective tissue |
| Specialized connective tissue, Types of cartilages |
| Bone, Microscopic structure of decalcified mammalian bone, Types of bone, Types of bone marrow |
| Blood, Function of blood, Plasma protein, Function of blood plasma |
| Formed elements, Erythrocytes, Hematocrit value, Erythrocytes sedimentation rate, Function of RBC |
| Leucocytes, Granulocytes, Difference between Red blood and White blood corpuscles |
| Thermbocytes, Human blood corpuscles, Blood coagulation, Clotting factors, Blood clotting prevention |
| Lymph, Difference between Lymphatic and Blood capilllaries |
| Reticular and pigmented connective tissue, Mucoid tissue, Functions of connective tissue |
| Types of muscles, Characters of both unstriped and striped muscles |
| Neurons, Components and Types of Neurons, Nerve fibres, Nerves, Neuroglia, Ependymal cells, Neurosecretory cells |
| Objective Questions |
| Cell The Unit of Life |
| Introduction, Discovery of cells, Cell theory and its significance |
| Diversity of cell, Open system, Cell types, Structure of bacterial cell |
| Prokaryotic cells, Different layers of bacterial cells, Grams positive and Gram negative |
| Components of bacterial cells: cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids |
| Inclusion bodies: flagella, pilli and fimbriae, Difference between pilli and fimbriae |
| Eukaryotic cells, Difference between: eucaryotic and prokaryotic, plant and animal cells |
| Fluid mosaic model |
| Modifications of cell membrane |
| Function of cell membrane |
| Bulk transport, Difference between: pinocytosis and phagocytosis, active and passive transport |
| Cell wall |
| Protoplasm, Cytoplasmic streaming, Cell organelles and Cell inclusions |
| Endomembrane system, Difference between SER and RER |
| Golgi apparatus |
| Lysomes |
| Vacuoles |
| Mitochondria |
| Plastids |
| Protoplastids, sphaerosomes, microbodies |
| Ribosomes |
| Cytoskeletal structures |
| Difference between cilia and flagella |
| Centrioles and Centrosomes |
| Nucleus, Ultrastructures |
| Chromatin, difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin, chromatin and chromosomes, nucleolus, cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, functions |
| Chromosomes, karyotype, functions of chromosomes |
| Giant chromosomes, lampbrush chromosomes |
| Cell inclusions, reserve food, excretory, minerals |
| Objective Questions |
| Biomolecules |
| Macromolecules, Micromolecules, How to analyse chemical composition? |
| Amino acids, types of amino acids, protein amino acids, non protein amino acids, esential amino acid |
| Protein, structure of protein |
| Types of proteins, electrical reaction of proteins, function of proteins |
| Lipids, fatty acids, type of lipids, neutral/true fats |
| Conjugated lipids, derived lipids, steroids, functions of lipids |
| Carbohydrate, monosaccharides, derived monosaccharides, oligosaccharides |
| Polysaccharides, storage, structure, mucopolysaccharides, functions |
| Nucleotides, Higher nucleotides, Structure of DNA |
| Metabolic pathway, catabolism, anabolism, ATP, living state |
| Primary metabolites and their role, Secondary metabolites and their role, Differences between primary and secondary metabolites |
| Enzymes, endoenzyme, exoenzyme, holoenzyme, difference between enzyme and catalysts |
| Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, Characterstics of enzymes, Substrate complex |
| Factors influencing enzyme activity: temperature, pH product concentration, substrate concentration, michalis menton concentration |
| Activation energy, Action of enzyme |
| Inhibition of enzyme, non competitive and competitive inhibition, feed back inhibition |
| Mechanism of enzymes action, lock and key hypothesis, induced fir theory, difference between lock and key and induced fit theory |
| Objective Questions |
| Cell Cycle and Cell Division |
| Importance of Cell division, Factors controlling cell division, Cell cycle: M, I and G1 phase |
| S, G2, G0 phase |
| M- phase, Prophase |
| Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Cytokinesis, plant and animal cytokinesis, plant and animal mitosis, significance of mitosis |
| Meiosis, Meiosis -I, Prophase-I |
| Pachytene, Crossing over, Diplotene, Diakinesis |
| Metaphase -I, Anaphase, Telophase -I, Significance of meiosis -I |
| Meiosis II, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase -II, Cytokinesis |
| Significant of meiosis, Type of meiosis, Difference between mitosis and meiosis |
| Transport in Plants |
| Introduction, Means of transport, Factors affecting diffusion, Importance |
| Facilitated diffusion, Types of tranport protein, Channel, Carrier, Active transport, Comparison of different transport mechanism |
| Plant water relation, Water potential, Solute potential, Pressure potential |
| Osmosis, Potato Osmometer, Thistle funnel experiment, Osmotic pressure, Osmotic concentrations, Importance of osmosis, Difference between diffusion and osmosis |
| Plasmolysis, Deplasmolysis, Importance of plasmolysis, Ihibition, Important in absorbing and retaining water |
| Long distance transport of water, mass flow, how do plants absorbs water, two distinct pathway of tranport, difference between apoplast and symplast pathway |
| Water movement up a plant:root pressure, guttation, root pressure theory, objection to root pressure theory |
| Cohesion tension theory, demonstration of transpiration, types of transpiration, stomatal apparatus |
| Factors affecting transpiration, external factors, internal or plant factors, significance of transpiration, disadvantages, transpiration and photosynthesis- a compromise |
| Passive water absorption, continous water column, cohesion, transpiration pull, evidences |
| Uptake and transport of mineral nutrients:uptake of mineral ions, translocation of mineral ions, pholem transport:flow from source to sink, the pressure flow or mass flow hypothesis, pathway of translocation |
| Objective Questions |
| Mineral Nutrition |
| Introduction, method to study the minerals requirements of plants, hydroponics, essential mineral elements |
| Criteria for essentiality, macro and micronutrients, function of essential elements, energy related compounds |
| Role of macro and micro nutrients, major functions and deficiency symptoms |
| Essential elements, major functions, deficiency symptoms |
| Deficiency symptoms of essential elements, common deficiency symptoms |
| Toxicity of micronutrients, mechanism of absorption of elements, translocation of solutes |
| Soil as reservoir of essential elements, mechanism of nitrogen:nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation |
| Biological nitrogen fixation, mechanism, ammonification |
| Nitrification, denitrification, nitrate assimilation, synthesis of amino acids, protein synthsis, amides |
| denitrification |
| Objective Questions |
| Photosynthesis in Higher Plants |
| Introduction, importance of photosynthesis, experiment for starch formation, half leaf experiment , history |
| Why does photosynthesis takes place? Composition of chloroplasts |
| Pigments involved in photosynthesis, chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls, absorption and action spectrum |
| Photosynthetic units, photosystems, electron transport chain |
| Mechanism of photosynthesis, photochemical phase, biosynthetic phase, noncyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation |
| Chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation |
| Biosynthetic phase, history |
| Calvin cycle, carboxylation, reduction, regeneration |
| C4 - pathway, initial and fianl fixation, transport, importance, difference between C3 and C4 |
| Photorespiration, importance |
| Cruslaccean acid metabolism, factors affecting photosynthesis, principle orlaw of limiting factors |
| Factors influencing photosynthesis |
| Objective Questions |
| Respiration in Plants |
| Introduction, cellular respiration, respiratory substrate, do plants breathe?, reasons for absence of respiratory organs in plants |
| Types of respiration, respiratory quotient |
| Glycolysis, net product of glycolysis |
| Fragmentation, anaerobic respiration, ethyl alcohol and lactic acid fragmentation, difference between glycolysis and lactic acid, aerobic respiration |
| Tricarboxylic acid cycle, difference between glycolysis and krebs cycle |
| Terminal oxidation, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation |
| Respiratory balance sheet, fragmentation and aerobic respiration, significance of krebs cycle, an amphibolic pathway |
| Objective Questions |
| Plant Growth and Development |
| Growth, plant growth generally is indeterminate, growth is measurable |
| Phases of growth, formative phase, phases of differentiation and enlargement, growth rates |
| Condition for growths, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development |
| Plant growth regulators, ethylene, auxins, auxins fuctions, uses of auxins |
| Gibberellins, uses and functions |
| Cytokinins, uses and functions |
| Ethylene and abscisic acid |
| Photoperiodism |
| Vernalisation |
| Objective Questions |
| Digestion and Absorption |
| Human physiology, nutrition, different types of nutrition, human digestive system, alimentary canal, papillae |
| Waldeyer ring, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine |
| Large intestine, histology of alimentary canal |
| Digestive and salivary glands, gall bludder, ducts, function of liver, function of bile |
| Pancreas, gastric glands, stem cell |
| Intestinal glands, swallowing, peristalsis |
| Mechanism of digestion, digestion of carbohydrates, oral cavity, small intestine, lactose intolerance |
| Digestion of proteins |
| Digestion of lipids and nucleic acids |
| Control of digestion, neural control of digestion, hormonal control of digestion, absorption of nutrients |
| Site of absorption, absorption of different nutrients, process of absorption, difference between micelles and chylomicrons |
| Assimilation and storage |
| Egestion, balanced diet, nutritional deficiencies and disorders, disorder due to over nutrition |
| Disorders of digestive system, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, indigestion, jaundice |
| Objective Questions |
| Breathing and Exchange of Gases |
| Introduction, respiration, difference between breathing and respiration, types of respiration, aerobic and anerobic respiration, difference betweeen external and internal respiration, direct and indirect respiration |
| Respiratory organs, anatomy of human respiratory system, voice production |
| Trachea, lungs |
| Mechanism of breathing |
| Pulmonary volumes, pulmonary capacities, difference between capacity and total lung capacity |
| Exchange of gases, external respiration, partial pressure |
| Tranport of gases: transport of oxygen, bohr's effect, internal respiration |
| Transport of carbon dioxide, release of carbon dioxide in the alveoli of lung, haldane effect |
| Regulation of respiration, neural and chemical regulation |
| Respiratory disorders, cause, symptoms, prevention and cure |
| Objective Questions |
| Body Fluids and Circulation |
| Introduction, compartments of body fluids, transcellular fluid, important constituents of extracellular fluids, chemical compostion of extracellular and intracellular fluids, significance of body fluids |
| Blood, function of blood, plasma protein, function of blood plasma |
| RBC |
| WBC, difference between RBC and WBC |
| Thrombocytes, blood coagulation, clotting factors, prevention of blood clotting |
| Blood groups: ABO |
| Rh blood grouping, incompatibility during blood transfusion and pregnancy |
| Anatomy of lymphatic system, lymph, lymphatic capillaries and vessel, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct |
| Circulatory pathway, advantages of closed circulatory system, difference between open and closed circulatory system, arteries and veins |
| Hearts found in different vertebrates, types of circulation, single and double circulation |
| Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation, circulation through special regions, coronary and heptic portal circulation |
| Hypophysical portal circulation, cerebral circulation, cutaneous circulation, lymph circulation |
| Anatomy and structure of human heart |
| Internal view of heart, histology |
| Origin and conduction of heart beat, difference between SA and AV node, pulse, heart beat and pulse, regulation of heart beat:neural, harmonal |
| Cardiac cycle |
| Heart sounds, electrocardiogram |
| Regulation of circulation, nervous and chemical regulation |
| Disorders of circulatory system, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction |
| Arteriosclerosis, difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, types of heart block, cerebro, rheumatic and congenital heart disease, fibrillation, ischemia, coronary thrombosis |
| Objective Questions |
| Excretory Products and their Elimination |
| Introduction, types of metabolic wastes, types of excretions, difference between ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism |
| Excretory structure, kidney |
| Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, difference between male and female urethra |
| Structure of nephrone, glomerulus, bowman's capsule, renal tubule |
| Blood supply, juxtaglomerular apparatus, types of nephrons, difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons |
| Urine formation, glomerular filteration |
| Tubular reabsorption: in proximal convoluted tubule, in descending and ascending limb of loop of henle, in distal convoluted tubule and in collecting duct |
| Tubular secretion, proximal convoluted tube, henle loop, distal convoluted loop |
| Mechanism of concentration of nephric filterate, significance of urea |
| Regulation of kidney |
| Micturition, nerve supply to urinary bladder and sphincters, constituents of urine, abnormal urine |
| Accessory excretory organ, difference between sweat and sebum, disorder of excretory system |
| Disorders of the Excretory Systems |
| Objective Questions |
| Locomotion and Movement |
| Introduction, movement, locomotion, types of movement |
| Types of muscles, characters of both unstriped and striped muscles |
| Structure of skeletal muscle, myosin and actin filaments |
| Structure of contractile protein, thin and thick filament |
| Mechanism of muscle contraction, sliding filament theory, concept of resting membrane potential |
| Mechanism of muscle contraction, electrical and biochemical events in muscle contraction |
| Muscle relaxation, cori cycle and oxygen debt |
| Kind of striated muscle fibre, hypertrophy, atrophy |
| Human skeletal system, function of skeleton, skull and its functions |
| Vertebral column |
| Sternum and Ribs |
| Pectoral gridles, Pelvic girdles |
| Bones of arms and legs |
| Joints and Its types |
| Role of muscles and bones in movement, disorder of muscular and skeletal system, fracture and slipped disc |
| Objective Questions |
| Neural Control and Coordination |
| Introduction, neural systems and its functions |
| Human neural systems, neurons, difference between myelinated and non mylinated |
| Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, membrane, resting membrane potential, repolarization, saltatory conduction of nerve impulse |
| Transmissiom of Nerve Impulse |
| Central neural system / Cerebrum |
| Diencephalon and Limbic System |
| Midbrain / Hindbrain |
| Ventricles of Brain / CSF |
| Spinal Cord / Reflex action |
| Sensory organs of vision - eye, fibrous , vascular and nervous coat |
| Contents of eye ball, Difference between aqueous and viterous humour, Mechanism of vision, Eye adaption, Eye accommodation |
| Structure of human ear, External and middle ear |
| Internal Ear |
| Internal ear-cochlea, Mechanism of hearing, Defects of sense organs |
| Peripheral neural system, Cranial and Spinal nerves |
| Autonomic Nerves System |
| Objective Questions |
| Chemical Control and Integration |
| Introduction, difference between neural and chemical coordination, two types of glands, discovery of hormone, important features of hormone, human endocrine system |
| Hypothalamus, why hypothalamus is called control centre? |
| Pituitary gland, disorders |
| Pineal gland, thyroid disorders, hyperthyroidism |
| Parathyroid, disorders, thymus |
| Adrenal, adrenal cortex |
| Adrenal medulla, difference between adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| Hormones of pancreas and their role, function of insulin, diabetes, type l and type ll diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, diabetes and diabetes insipidus |
| Gonads, testes, ovary |
| Heart, kidneys, liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract |
| Eicosanoids, leukotrienes, role of hormones as messenger and regulators, positive and negative feedback control, synergistic and antagonistic effect |
| Mechanism of harmone action, mode of hormone action through intracellular and extracellular receptors |
| Objective Questions |
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